Last Update: February 12, 2020
Asset pricing models consist of estimating asset expected return through its expected risk premium linear relationship with factors portfolios expected risk premiums and macroeconomic factors.
This topic is part of Investment Portfolio Analysis with Python course. Feel free to take a look at Course Curriculum.
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An example of asset pricing models is capital asset pricing model CAPM [1] which consists of estimating asset expected return through its expected risk premium linear relationship with market expected risk premium.
- CAPM Beta coefficient consists of estimating asset market systematic risk through the linear relationship between asset and market risk premiums.
- Jensen’s alpha [2] consists of estimating asset average realized excess return through the difference between asset average realized return and its estimated expected return using capital asset pricing model CAPM.
1. Formula notation.
1.1. Capital asset pricing model CAPM formula notation.
Where = asset expected return, = expected risk free return, = asset CAPM beta coefficient, = market expected risk premium.
1.2. CAPM Beta coefficient formula notation.
Where = risk free return, = constant, = asset CAPM beta coefficient, = asset and market returns covariance, = market returns variance, = asset and market risk premiums covariance, = market risk premiums variance.
1.3. Jensen’s alpha formula notation.
- Note: CAPM formula recasting using average realized returns (ex-post) instead of expected returns (ex-ante). For full reference, please read Jensen’s alpha [2].
Where = asset average realized excess return, = asset average realized return, = average realized risk free return, = asset CAPM beta coefficient, = market average realized return.
2. Python code example.
2.1. Import Python packages [3].
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import statsmodels.regression.linear_model as lm
import statsmodels.tools.tools as ct
2.2. CAPM single factor model data reading.
- Data: S&P 500® index replicating ETF (ticker symbol: SPY) adjusted close prices and market portfolio [4] monthly arithmetic returns risk premiums (2007-2016).
returns = pd.read_csv('Data//CAPM-Single-Factor-Model-Data.txt', index_col='Date', parse_dates=True)
2.3. CAPM Single Factor Model Linear Regression Calculation and Output.
In:
returns.loc[:, 'CT'] = ct.add_constant(returns)
capm = lm.OLS(returns['SPY-RF'], returns[['CT', 'MKT-RF']], hasconst=bool).fit()
print('== CAPM Linear Regression Summary ==')
print('')
print(capm.summary())
Out:
== CAPM Linear Regression Summary ==
OLS Regression Results
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable: SPY-RF R-squared: 0.992
Model: OLS Adj. R-squared: 0.992
Method: Least Squares F-statistic: 1.478e+04
Date: Thu, 24 Oct 2019 Prob (F-statistic): 7.80e-126
Time: 18:16:41 Log-Likelihood: 494.92
No. Observations: 120 AIC: -985.8
Df Residuals: 118 BIC: -980.3
Df Model: 1
Covariance Type: nonrobust
==============================================================================
coef std err t P>|t| [0.025 0.975]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CT -0.0002 0.000 -0.439 0.661 -0.001 0.001
MKT-RF 0.9702 0.008 121.575 0.000 0.954 0.986
==============================================================================
Omnibus: 0.426 Durbin-Watson: 2.158
Prob(Omnibus): 0.808 Jarque-Bera (JB): 0.486
Skew: 0.138 Prob(JB): 0.784
Kurtosis: 2.856 Cond. No. 22.1
==============================================================================
Warnings:
[1] Standard Errors assume that the covariance matrix of the errors is correctly specified.
2.4. CAPM Beta Calculation and Output.
In:
print('CAPM Beta:', np.round((np.cov(returns['SPY-RF'], returns['MKT-RF'])/np.var(returns['MKT-RF'], ddof=1))[0, 1], 4))
Out:
CAPM Beta: 0.9702
3. References
[1] Jack Treynor (1961, 1962), William F. Sharpe (1964), John Lintner (1965), Jan Mossin (1966). Craig W. French. “The Treynor Capital Asset Pricing Model”. Journal of Investment Management. 2003.
[2] Michael C. Jensen. “The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945-1964”. Journal of Finance. 1968.
[3] Travis E, Oliphant. “A guide to NumPy”. USA: Trelgol Publishing. 2006.
Stéfan van der Walt, S. Chris Colbert and Gaël Varoquaux. “The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation”. Computing in Science & Engineering. 2011.
Wes McKinney. “Data Structures for Statistical Computing in Python.” Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference. 2010.
Seabold, Skipper, and Josef Perktold. “Statsmodels: Econometric and statistical modeling with python.” Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference. 2010.
[4] Eugene F. Fama and Kenneth F. French. “Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds,” Journal of Financial Economics. 1993.